I'd barely finished writing up the hearing for Republican Attorney General Rob McKenna's gang bill last week when the fact sheets started flying.
First, McKenna's office blasted out a "fact check" of what it said were inaccurate claims being made about the bill by the ACLU:
Lawmakers are being blanketed with computer-generated e-mails that spread inaccuracies and misleading accusations about the Attorney Generalâs anti-gang bill, HB 1126. The ACLU of Washingtonâs e-mail campaign claims that the billâs civil protection orders will âsweep up innocent people into courtâ and deny them an attorney.The Attorney Generalâs bill, sponsored by Rep. Charles Ross, R-Naches, and Rep. Christopher Hurst, D-Enumclaw, is designed to provide relief to those who live in neighborhoods plagued by gang intimidation, property crimes and gunfire.
Meanwhile, the violence continues. In Sunnyside, a 13-year-old girl was wounded last week when shots were sprayed into her home by a drive-by shooter. As the Yakima Herald-Republic reports, during the two-day period in which the girl was wounded, âdozens of shots were fired into six homes from Granger to Grandview.â
So the ACLU is content to let 13-year-old girls be injured by gunfire just so it can prove some "misleading" point? Not so fast.
The group quickly fired back, saying it "stands by its negative assessment of Attorney General Rob McKennaâs 'anti-gang' bill." The ACLU noted that the bill offers no money to help keep kids from joining gangs in the first place, and instead focuses on using "failed" tactics that end up "putting them in prison to be initiated into gangs."
I'll be untangling all of this in the next issue of The Stranger. But for now, for those eager to dive in, a tour of the (increasingly bitchy) fact fight terrain:
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Jan. 21, 2011Attorney Generalâs Office fact-checks inaccurate claims about gang bill
Computer-generated e-mail campaign to legislators promotes misleading information
OLYMPIA â Lawmakers are being blanketed with computer-generated e-mails that spread inaccuracies and misleading accusations about the Attorney Generalâs anti-gang bill, HB 1126. The ACLU of Washingtonâs e-mail campaign claims that the billâs civil protection orders will âsweep up innocent people into courtâ and deny them an attorney.
The Attorney Generalâs bill, sponsored by Rep. Charles Ross, R-Naches, and Rep. Christopher Hurst, D-Enumclaw, is designed to provide relief to those who live in neighborhoods plagued by gang intimidation, property crimes and gunfire.
Meanwhile, the violence continues. In Sunnyside, a 13-year-old girl was wounded last week when shots were sprayed into her home by a drive-by shooter. As the Yakima Herald-Republic reports, during the two-day period in which the girl was wounded, âdozens of shots were fired into six homes from Granger to Grandview.â
CLAIM
â[A]nti-gang" legislation proposed by the Attorney General would make the problem worse by focusing on the wrong people.â
FACT
The bill focuses squarely on members of criminal street gangs. The billâs civil protection orders, which provide a zone of safety in neighborhoods hardest-hit by criminal street-gang activity, are only allowed to be used on those found by âclear and convincing evidenceâ by a court to be active members of a criminal street-gang involved in a pattern of criminal activities.
Contrary to the ACLU claim that these kinds of laws âmake the problem worse,â in Los Angeles County, crime levels dropped by up to 10 percent in neighborhoods benefitting from a similar law. A survey of San Bernardino, Calif., residents showed âpositive evidence of short-term effects, including less gang presence, fewer reports of gang intimidation, and less fear of confrontation with gang members.â And in San Antonio, Texas, gang members subjected to the law âwere charged with almost 50 percent fewer crimes in the 20 months after the injunction issued.â In other words, the law provided an incentive for gang members to cease some of their criminal activities.
CLAIM
âThis legislation allows injunctions - court orders that can prohibit lawful behavior such as travelling through certain areas, spending time with certain people, or wearing certain styles of clothing.â
FACT
The bill allows civil protection orders modeled after domestic violence protection orders and anti-harassment orders. The standard for showing the court that a person is a criminal street gang member is high. Law enforcement must provide a written document to the court, made under oath, that a person is an active member of a criminal street gang and intentionally promotes, furthers, or assists in criminal acts by that gang, and that the subject of a protection order has shown a pattern of criminal street gang activity. That pattern includes dealing drugs, breaking firearms laws, or going to a school and harassing or intimidating kids into joining a gang. Simply being friends with gang members is not enough â a judge must be convinced that a person is an active participant in criminal gang activity. And unless a prosecutor petitions the court, the protection order automatically expires after a year.
CLAIM
âThis approach will sweep up innocent people and order them into court where they will have no right to an attorney and no realistic opportunity to show they are not gang members.â
FACT
As the ACLU knows, appointment of counsel at a protection order hearing is not constitutionally required because the protection order hearing is a civil hearing. This is how anti-domestic violence and anti-harassment protection orders work. This protection order statute is identical to all other protection order statutes in Washington in that none of them require court-appointed counsel at the protection order hearing.
If the ACLU does not oppose domestic violence protection orders, in which an individual under serious threat of injury petitions the court for protection, it is inconsistent for the organization to oppose protection orders against known criminal street gang members, who intimidate and harm entire neighborhoods.
CLAIM
âWe know what works to stop gang violence â provide youth with alternatives to keep them out of gangs and arrest and charge violent criminals. The Attorney General's legislation ignores these proven methods.â
FACT
Attorney General McKenna has long promoted intervention and prevention programs to help young people stay out of or abandon gangs. Through Consumer Protection settlements, AG McKenna has directed more than $600,000 to sponsor conferences featuring drug, alcohol and violence prevention programs for youth. This year, the AGâs anti-gang bill originally called for $10 million in gang prevention and intervention programs â the same amount called for by the Legislative Gang Workgroup in 2008. As in 2008, due to budget concerns, it was removed at the request of legislators, and replaced with language calling for the state to approach the federal government for funds.
Itâs unclear whether or not the ACLU of Washington State has ever raised funds for anti-gang intervention or prevention programs. Last year, the ACLU also declined the Attorney Generalâs Officeâs offer to participate in the crafting of the anti-gang bill.
CLAIM
âIn a gang injunction, you have the potential for unspecified behavior â remember, injunctions donât require any crime to happen, just that a gang exists and this person is a member â by an individual [where] little or no evidence may exist other than their dress and associations, against âthe communityâ (ACLUâs Shankar Narayan, Publicola, Jan. 20, 2011).â
FACT
Both the proposed sentencing enhancements and civil protection order require the prosecutor to prove to a judge that an individual is a member of a criminal street gang as defined in RCW 9.94A.030. Among the defining legal characteristics of "criminal street gang" is having as one of its primary activities the commission of criminal acts, and whose members or associates individually or collectively engage in a pattern of criminal street gang activity. "Criminal street gang associate or member" meansâ a person who actively participates in any criminal street gang and who intentionally promotes, furthers or assists in any criminal act by the criminal street gang.â As defined by law, some of those criminal acts include:
⢠Committing acts to gain admission, prestige or promotion within the gang, increasing the gang's size or control in any geographical area
⢠Exacting revenge or retribution for the gang obstructing justice
⢠Intimidating any witness against the gang or any member of the gang
⢠Dealing drugs
⢠Trafficking in stolen property
⢠Promoting prostitution
VS.
ACLU-WA Response: Fact-Checking the Fact-Checker on the Gang BillThe ACLU of Washington stands by its negative assessment of Attorney General Rob McKennaâs âanti-gangâ bill, HB 1126. House Bill 1126. Gang violence is a scourge in our communities, but the AGâs bill would not help reduce it. The 51-page measure is a compendium of tactics that evidence shows have failed to stem the tide of gang involvement or violent crime. See: Greene, J & Pranis K. 2007. Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute. (Reporting that despite widespread use of gang injunctions, Los Angeles remains the gang capital of the world).
Other experts warn strongly against âblindly following in Los Angelesâ troubled footsteps.â Gang Wars at 3. And Californiaâs own Attorney General stated at her inauguration that â[f]or many offenders, we know prison amounts to attending âCrime College.â Itâs a vicious cycle, where new inmates face extraordinary pressure to affiliate with gangs on the inside, which boils over into our communities on the outside. Perpetuating a system that recycles a majority of parolees isnât tough on crime. Itâs tough on the taxpayers.â Attorney General Kamala D. Harris Inaugural Remarks.
Itâs time to follow the best practices recommended by experts, including the federal government See: Cahill, M & Hayeslip D. 2010. Findings from the Evaluation of OJJDPâs Gang Reduction Program. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. âprovide appropriate prevention and intervention services for vulnerable youth instead of putting them in prison to be initiated into gangs, as the AGâs bill would have us do.
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
The bill focuses squarely on members of criminal street gangs. The billâs civil protection orders, which provide a zone of safety in neighborhoods hardest-hit by criminal street-gang activity, are only allowed to be used on those found by âclear and convincing evidenceâ by a court to be active members of a criminal street-gang involved in a pattern of criminal activities.
FACT
All that needs to be proven for an injunction to issue is that a gang exists, is active in the area, and that the subject is a âmember or associateâ of that criminal street gang. See House Bill 1126, supra note i. In fact, no requirement is included in the bill that the subject have committed any crime at all. And as was evident from the testimony presented in the House hearing on Wednesday, similar gang injunctions in California have indeed resulted in the profiling of innocent community members not affiliated with gangs. See: Jones A. 2008-2009. âFamily Ties or Criminal Contacts: A Case for the Appointment of Counsel in Civil Gang Injunction Proceedings That Affect Family Relationshipsâ, Golden Gate University Law Review, vol. 39, pp. 41; Tapia, M. 2010. âUS Juvenile Arrests: Gang Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects.â Youth Society. Available at: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/10/22/0044118X10386083; and Cannata, M. 2009. âAchieving Peace in the Streets: How Legislative Efforts Fail in Combating Gang Violence in Comparison to Successful Local Community-Based Initiativesâ, New England Journal on Criminal & Civil Confinement, vol. 35, pp. 243- 276.
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
Contrary to the ACLU claim that these kinds of laws âmake the problem worse,â in Los Angeles County, crime levels dropped by up to 10 percent in neighborhoods benefitting from a similar law. A survey of San Bernardino, Calif., residents showed âpositive evidence of short-term effects, including less gang presence, fewer reports of gang intimidation, and less fear of confrontation with gang members.â And in San Antonio, Texas, gang members subjected to the law âwere charged with almost 50 percent fewer crimes in the 20 months after the injunction issued.â In other words, the law provided an incentive for gang members to cease some of their criminal activities.
FACT
The weight of the evidence suggests that gang injunctions are ineffective at best, and at worst, actively harmful. The very experts whose study the AGâs office cites in their press release state that stories of reductions in crime through use of injunctions âare often compelling, but are never buttressed with supporting evidence that meets minimal scientific standards of evaluation.â Maxson C, Hennigan K, & Sloane D. 2003. âFor the Sake of the Neighborhood?: Civil Gang Injunctions as a Gang Intervention Tool in Southern Californiaâ, in S Decker (ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. They also find âlittle support for a positive effectâ when they examine crime patterns before and after the injunction, and find that ânegative effects were observed in the secondary, less disordered injunction area.â Maxson C, Hennigan K, Sloane D, & Kolnick K. 2005. Can Civil Gang Injunctions Change Communities? A Community Assessment of the Impact of Civil Gang Injunctions. Report submitted to the National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice.
Another recent study warns that âeven if interpreted as constitutional, gang injunctions have been proven ineffective in preventing and deterring gang members from engaging in violent gang activity.â Myers T. 2008-2009. âThe Unconstitutionality, Ineffectiveness, and Alternatives of Gang Injunctions.â Michigan Journal of Race and Law, vol. 14, at 285. Even worse, an ACLU-funded study in the San Fernando Valley found a disturbing increase in violent crime due to an injunction. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Southern California. 1997. False Premises, False Promises: The Blythe Street Gang Injunction and Its Aftermath. Los Angeles: ACLU Foundation of Southern California. Our conversations with community members from California found that faced with an injunction, gang members simply pick up and move to new territory, resulting in the spread, rather than the curtailment, of gang blight.
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
The bill allows civil protection orders modeled after domestic violence protection orders and anti-harassment orders. The standard for showing the court that a person is a criminal street gang member is high. Law enforcement must provide a written document to the court, made under oath, that a person is an active member of a criminal street gang and intentionally promotes, furthers, or assists in criminal acts by that gang, and that the subject of a protection order has shown a pattern of criminal street gang activity. That pattern includes dealing drugs, breaking firearms laws, or going to a school and harassing or intimidating kids into joining a gang. Simply being friends with gang members is not enough â a judge must be convinced that a person is an active participant in criminal gang activity. And unless a prosecutor petitions the court, the protection order automatically expires after a year.
FACT
Again, a fundamental flaw in the legislation is that nowhere does it require that an individual have actually committed a crime in order to be subjected to an injunction. If the AGâs office is truly interested in pursuing hardcore gang-bangers, the bill should require proof that the respondent actually committed a âcriminal street gang-related offenseââa term for which a statutory definition exists. RCW 9.94A.030 (12-14).
The bill relies on a tangle of loose definitions and confusing terms. The very definition of a âcriminal street gangâ is circularâit is defined, in part, as having âmembers or associates individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal street gang activity.â The latter term is not defined at all. Nor is there a definition for âintentional promotionâ as used in the billâthere is no elaboration of what kinds of activities short of crimes might constitute the âclear and convincing evidenceâ needed. In fact, the bill expressly states that the court may consider âall relevant evidence.â So how youth dress and who they hang out with can in fact be used to prove that they are a âmember or associate of a gang.â
Since each of the activities the AGâs office cites as a basis for a gang injunction is already a crime in itself, why would the police not arrest and charge individuals for those crimes, rather than waste time and precious public safety resources on an injunction?
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
As the ACLU knows, appointment of counsel at a protection order hearing is not constitutionally required because the protection order hearing is a civil hearing. This is how anti-domestic violence and anti-harassment protection orders work. This protection order statute is identical to all other protection order statutes in Washington in that none of them require court-appointed counsel at the protection order hearing.
FACT
Whether or not it is constitutionally required, the ACLU has always supported the statutory right to appointment of counsel in cases where the government is seeking to deprive an individual of a significant civil liberty. And the state of Washington has a long, proud history of statutorily requiring the appointment of counsel even when that right is not constitutionally required if the individual faces the loss of liberty.
If the AGâs office were serious about protecting the civil liberties of the people who will be subject to these injunctions, their bill would include the provision of appointed counsel to individuals in their injunction hearings. Having counsel is especially important in this situation because the youth facing these injunctions are likely to be low-income and unable to afford an attorney. Without counsel, youth subject to an injunction are unlikely to be able to effectively challenge it even if they are not gang members. Jones, âFamily Ties,â at 41.
The proof required to obtain an injunction falls far short of the âbeyond a reasonable doubtâ standard required to convict someone of a crime. And the billâs notification requirements are also fatally flawedâsimply publishing a notice that a prosecutor is seeking an injunction against an individual is allowed under the bill, leading to the disturbing possibility that an individual may become subject to an injunction without ever knowing the proceeding is taking place.
Though proponents assert the measure will only bar criminal or harmful activity by youth, in fact, the bill empowers judges to grant âall relief necessary and proper,â and also to bar youth from visiting designated locations, wearing particular clothes, or âdirectly or indirectlyâ contacting certain individuals. This means that the young person could face criminal charges for doing things that the rest of us can legally doâin other words, simply for living his life. Even the exceptions written into the bill for family members or legitimate purposes are problematicâhow would an officer know that an individual is in the injunction zone to visit family members?
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
If the ACLU does not oppose domestic violence protection orders, in which an individual under serious threat of injury petitions the court for protection, it is inconsistent for the organization to oppose protection orders against known criminal street gang members, who intimidate and harm entire neighborhoods.
FACT
Gang injunctions and domestic violence protection orders are completely different animals and trying to compare the two is illogical. A domestic violence protection order is an order obtained by an individual against another individual based on proof that the respondent poses an imminent threat of harm to the petitioner. These orders are based on specific incidents that have reasonably led the petitioner to fear for his or her safety.
By contrast, gang injunctions are court orders obtained by the government against an individual falling into a vaguely defined group, and who may not pose an imminent threat of harm to anyone. The government is not required to prove that the alleged gang member has or is threatening to cause any specific harm to any specific people. This is much broader dragnet that demands greater protections, including the right to counsel in order to prove that an individual should not be subject to an injunction.
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
Attorney General McKenna has long promoted intervention and prevention programs to help young people stay out of or abandon gangs. Through Consumer Protection settlements, AG McKenna has directed more than $600,000 to sponsor conferences featuring drug, alcohol and violence prevention programs for youth. This year, the AGâs anti-gang bill originally called for $10 million in gang prevention and intervention programs â the same amount called for by the Legislative Gang Workgroup in 2008. As in 2008, due to budget concerns, it was removed at the request of legislators, and replaced with language calling for the state to approach the federal government for funds.
Itâs unclear whether or not the ACLU of Washington State has ever raised funds for anti-gang intervention or prevention programs. Last year, the ACLU also declined the Attorney Generalâs Officeâs offer to participate in the crafting of the anti-gang bill.
FACT
The ACLU of Washington participated in the 2008 Legislative Gang Workgroup and advocated strongly for prevention and intervention funds rather than failed suppression tactics. We agree entirely with the AG that suppression tactics without prevention and intervention programs are doomed to failure. But the version of the bill introduced into the legislature at the AGâs request fails to include any funding at all for prevention and intervention.
The ACLU of Washington in fact met with the AGâs office immediately after becoming aware of their gang bill, and well before the legislative session. We clearly expressed our concerns about this legislation then. It is unfortunate both that we were not invited into the process earlier, and that none of our suggestions were incorporated into the actual bill.
ATTORNEY GENERAL CLAIM
Lawmakers are being blanketed with computer-generated e-mails that spread inaccuracies and misleading accusations about the Attorney Generalâs anti-gang bill, HB 1126.
FACT
Those âcomputer-generated emailsâ came from real peopleâconcerned community members, some of whom testified at this weekâs hearing on the AGâs bill, a clear majority of them in opposition. And if further proof is needed that communities are concerned about the billâs consequences, the following respected community-based organizations all opposed the bill as of January 21, 2011:
American Civil Liberties Union of Washington
Asian Pacific Islander Coalition of King County
Asian Pacific Islander Coalition of Pierce County
A. Philip Randolph Institute
Asian Counseling & Referral Service
Asia Pacific Cultural Center
Building the Bridges
Center for Justice
Central Washington Progress
Children's Alliance
Community to Community
Council on American-Islamic Relations â Washington Chapter
El Centro de la Raza
El Comite Pro-Amnestia y Justicia Social
Latino Civic Alliance
Lutheran Public Policy Office of Washington
Merci Foundation
Minority Executive Directors Coalition
Mothers for Police Accountability
NAACP of Seattle/King County
Northwest Immigrant Rights Project
Northwest Leadership Foundation
OneAmerica
Powerful Voices
Tierra Nueva
SafeFutures Youth Center
Social Work Immigration Alliance
Southwest Youth and Family Services
Washington Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys
Washington Christian Leaders Coalition
Washington Defender Association