Early in Ralph Ellison’s novel Invisible Man, the narrator—an unidentified black man—describes a brutal encounter on a street. The narrator bumps into a stranger, and the stranger, who is white, and tall, with blue eyes and blond hair, curses him. The narrator then seizes the “tall blond man,” head-butts him, kicks him, and demands an apology. But the white man refuses to apologize. And just before the narrator slits the man’s throat with a knife, he stops and realizes that the beaten and bleeding man can’t apologize because he can’t see him. Recognition was not mutual. It only went one way: from black man to white man. The white man cannot see the black man because he is socially invisible. He is a nobody.
